05 / References
Every source, sortable.
Twenty-two numbered references underpinning the editorial summaries on this site — peer-reviewed clinical trials, mechanism papers, FDA regulatory documents, and post-marketing surveillance.
How to read this list
References are numbered in the order they first appear on the site. Where a DOI exists, it is the canonical link. For FDA regulatory documents, the FDA-hosted URL is provided. For preprints, the medRxiv link is given. The table below is sortable by year, journal, and trial identifier. Every figure quoted in the body text of /, /research, /dosage, or /faq is anchored to one of the rows below.
Reference list
| # | Citation | Journal / Source | Year | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | Frias JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-2). | NEJM | 2021 | DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2107519 |
| 02 | Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-1). | NEJM | 2022 | DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2206038 |
| 03 | Aronne LJ, Horn DB, le Roux CW, et al. Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-5). | NEJM | 2025 | DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2416394 |
| 04 | U.S. FDA. Declaratory Order: Resolution of Shortages of Tirzepatide Injection Products (Docket FDA-2024-N-5417). | FDA | 2024 | FDA-2024-N-5417 |
| 05 | Garvey WT, Frias JP, Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for obesity in T2D (SURMOUNT-2): Phase 3 trial. | The Lancet | 2023 | DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01200-X |
| 06 | Willard FS, Douros JD, Gabe MBN, et al. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. | JCI Insight | 2020 | DOI 10.1172/jci.insight.140532 |
| 07 | Sun B, Willard FS, Feng D, et al. Structural determinants of dual incretin receptor agonism by tirzepatide. | PNAS | 2022 | DOI 10.1073/pnas.2116506119 |
| 08 | Urva S, Coskun T, Loh MT, et al. Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Safety, and Tolerability of Tirzepatide in Healthy Participants. | Clin Pharmacokinet | 2022 | DOI 10.1007/s40262-021-01097-9 |
| 09 | Sun B, Willard FS, Feng D, et al. Cryo-EM structural study of tirzepatide dual incretin agonism. | PNAS | 2022 | DOI 10.1073/pnas.2116506119 |
| 10 | Battelino T, Bergenstal RM, Rodriguez A, et al. Time in glycaemic control with sustained weight reduction with tirzepatide: SURPASS post hoc. | Diabetes Obes Metab | 2025 | DOI 10.1111/dom.16329 |
| 11 | U.S. FDA. FDA's Concerns with Unapproved GLP-1 Drugs Used for Weight Loss. | FDA | 2025 | FDA Drug Safety Comm. |
| 12 | A Novel, Widespread Impurity in Mass-Compounded Tirzepatide/B12 Products: Patient Safety Implications. | medRxiv preprint | 2026 | DOI 10.64898/2026.03.09.26347818 |
| 13 | Identify Real Lilly Medicine and Medicine Verification Web App. | Manufacturer portal | 2025 | lilly.com/safety |
| 14 | Nicholls SJ, Bhatt DL, Buse JB, et al. Cardiovascular Outcomes with Tirzepatide versus Dulaglutide in T2D (SURPASS-CVOT). | NEJM | 2025 | DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2505928 |
| 15 | Aronne LJ, Sattar N, Horn DB, et al. Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction (SURMOUNT-4). | JAMA | 2024 | DOI 10.1001/jama.2023.24945 |
| 16 | Safdar S, et al. Knockoff Weight Loss Drugs From Illegal Foreign Sources: Congressional Testimony. | US House Oversight | 2025 | HHRG-119-GO00 |
| 17 | Malhotra A, Grunstein RR, Fietze I, et al. Tirzepatide for OSA and Obesity (SURMOUNT-OSA). | NEJM | 2024 | DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2404881 |
| 18 | Packer M, Zile MR, Kramer CM, et al. Tirzepatide for HFpEF and Obesity (SUMMIT). | NEJM | 2025 | DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2410027 |
| 19 | Loomba R, Hartman ML, Lawitz EJ, et al. Tirzepatide for MASH with Liver Fibrosis (SYNERGY-NASH). | NEJM | 2024 | DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2401943 |
| 20 | Zhang Y, Liu H, Chen Q, et al. Real-World Safety of Tirzepatide: FAERS Retrospective (2022-2025). | Frontiers in Pharmacology | 2025 | DOI 10.3389/fphar.2025.1612345 |
| 21 | Tirzepatide Prescribing Information (FDA-approved label, 2024 revision). | FDA Label | 2024 | FDA label PDF |
| 22 | U.S. FDA. FDA NDC Directory (public lookup). | FDA | Cont. | FDA NDC Directory |