Tirzepatide Legit

05 / REFERENCES

Every source, sortable.

Twenty-two numbered references underpinning the editorial summaries on this site — peer-reviewed clinical trials, mechanism papers, FDA regulatory documents, and post-marketing surveillance.

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How to read this list

References are numbered in the order they first appear on the site. Where a DOI exists, it is the canonical link. For FDA regulatory documents, the FDA-hosted URL is provided. For preprints, the medRxiv link is given. The table below is sortable by year, journal, and trial identifier. Every figure quoted in the body text of /index, /research, /dosage, or /faq is anchored to one of the rows below.

Reference list

See the bibliography table on this page for the full numbered citation list with DOIs and source URLs. The references-grid figure above is a non-textual marker that this is the bibliographic register of the site, not a page of further commentary.

  1. Frias JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-2). New England Journal of Medicine. 2021. ↗
  2. Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-1). New England Journal of Medicine. 2022. ↗
  3. Aronne LJ, Horn DB, le Roux CW, et al. Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-5). New England Journal of Medicine. 2025. ↗
  4. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Declaratory Order: Resolution of Shortages of Tirzepatide Injection Products. FDA Regulatory Action (Docket FDA-2024-N-5417). 2024. ↗
  5. Garvey WT, Frias JP, Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. The Lancet. 2023. ↗
  6. Willard FS, Douros JD, Gabe MBN, et al. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. JCI Insight. 2020. ↗
  7. Sun B, Willard FS, Feng D, et al. Structural determinants of dual incretin receptor agonism by tirzepatide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2022. ↗
  8. Urva S, Coskun T, Loh MT, et al. Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Safety, and Tolerability of Tirzepatide in Healthy Participants. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 2022. ↗
  9. Sun B, Willard FS, Feng D, et al. Structural determinants of dual incretin receptor agonism by tirzepatide (cryo-EM structural study). PNAS. 2022. ↗
  10. Battelino T, Bergenstal RM, Rodriguez A, et al. Time spent in glycaemic control with sustained body weight reduction with tirzepatide: A post hoc analysis of the SURPASS clinical trial programme. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2025. ↗
  11. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA's Concerns with Unapproved GLP-1 Drugs Used for Weight Loss. FDA Drug Safety Communication. 2025. ↗
  12. A Novel, Widespread Impurity in Mass-Compounded Tirzepatide/B12 Products: Patient Safety Implications. medRxiv preprint. 2026. ↗
  13. Identify Real Lilly Medicine and Medicine Verification Web App (manufacturer authentication portal). 2025. ↗
  14. Nicholls SJ, Bhatt DL, Buse JB, et al. Cardiovascular Outcomes with Tirzepatide versus Dulaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-CVOT). New England Journal of Medicine. 2025. ↗
  15. Aronne LJ, Sattar N, Horn DB, et al. Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024. ↗
  16. Safdar S, et al. Knockoff Weight Loss Drugs From Illegal Foreign Sources: Congressional Testimony. U.S. House Committee on Oversight, Hearing Document HHRG-119-GO00. 2025. ↗
  17. Malhotra A, Grunstein RR, Fietze I, et al. Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity (SURMOUNT-OSA). New England Journal of Medicine. 2024. ↗
  18. Packer M, Zile MR, Kramer CM, et al. Tirzepatide for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity (SUMMIT). New England Journal of Medicine. 2025. ↗
  19. Loomba R, Hartman ML, Lawitz EJ, et al. Tirzepatide for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis with Liver Fibrosis (SYNERGY-NASH). New England Journal of Medicine. 2024. ↗
  20. Zhang Y, Liu H, Chen Q, et al. Real-World Safety Concerns of Tirzepatide: A Retrospective Analysis of FAERS Data (2022-2025). Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2025. ↗
  21. Tirzepatide Prescribing Information (FDA-approved label, 2024 revision). U.S. Food and Drug Administration / manufacturer. 2024. ↗
  22. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA NDC Directory (public lookup). Continuously updated. ↗
  23. Safwan M, et al. Gastrointestinal safety of semaglutide and tirzepatide vs. placebo in obese individuals without diabetes: a systematic review and meta analysis. Ann Saudi Med. 2025. ↗
  24. Shen P, et al. Gastrointestinal adverse events associated with tirzepatide: A bibliometric and pharmacovigilance analysis. PLoS One. 2026. ↗
  25. Farzam K, Patel P. Tirzepatide. StatPearls [Internet], NCBI Bookshelf. 2024. ↗
  26. Zeng Q, et al. Safety issues of tirzepatide (pancreatitis and gallbladder or biliary disease) in type 2 diabetes and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023. ↗
  27. Gong J, et al. Risk of biliary diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes or obesity treated with tirzepatide: A meta-analysis. J Diabetes Investig. 2025. ↗
  28. Nassar M, et al. Decreased risk of recurrent acute pancreatitis with semaglutide and tirzepatide in people with type 2 diabetes or obesity with a history of acute pancreatitis: A propensity matched global federated TriNetX database-based retrospective cohort study. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2024. ↗
  29. Rasouli N, et al. Tirzepatide for Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes and Without Obesity: A Post Hoc Analysis of the SURPASS Clinical Trials. Diabetes Ther. 2025. ↗
  30. Jalleh RJ, et al. Clinical Consequences of Delayed Gastric Emptying With GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Tirzepatide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024. ↗
  31. Urva S, et al. The novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide transiently delays gastric emptying similarly to selective long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020. ↗
  32. Locatelli JC, et al. Incretin-Based Weight Loss Pharmacotherapy: Can Resistance Exercise Optimize Changes in Body Composition? Diabetes Care. 2024. ↗
  33. Campbell JE, et al. GIPR/GLP-1R dual agonist therapies for diabetes and weight loss — chemistry, physiology, and clinical applications. Cell Metab. 2023. ↗
  34. Kunutsor SK, et al. Safety and Tolerability of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review. Drugs. 2026. ↗
  35. Coskun T, et al. LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of concept. Mol Metab. 2018. ↗
  36. Willard FS, et al. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. JCI Insight. 2020. ↗
  37. Frias JP, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021. ↗
  38. Aronne LJ, et al. Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-5). N Engl J Med. 2025. ↗
  39. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves new medication for chronic weight management (tirzepatide). FDA News & Events. 2023. ↗
  40. Malhotra A, et al. Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity (SURMOUNT-OSA). N Engl J Med. 2024. ↗
  41. Packer M, et al. Tirzepatide for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity (SUMMIT). N Engl J Med. 2025. ↗
  42. Loomba R, et al. Tirzepatide for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis with Liver Fibrosis (SYNERGY-NASH). N Engl J Med. 2024. ↗